Explaining Domain Name Terms and Protocols الإنترنت⭐️

Domain Name

A domain name or domain name is the address of a website on the Internet that visitors use to access the website, browse its pages and access its services.

A Domain Name is a text consisting of letters, numbers, and symbols that is used to represent a website because it is easy to remember instead of using the website's IP address, which is made up of hard-to-remember numbers.

This is a domain hostingdean.com A website domain is a website address that you can use to visit the website from any internet-connected device in the world by entering it in the address bar of your browser.

Domains are also used in email addresses so that all emails reach the intended person and avoid being forwarded to other people.

Subdomain

A subdomain, subdomain, or subdomain is an extension or offshoot of a domain name; a subdomain is simply an additional part of the main domain.

The subdomain can be likened to your address, for example, if you live on the fifth floor of an apartment tower, then if we say that the address of the apartment tower is the domain, then the floor address is the subdomain.

Subdomains are used to create semi-autonomous websites without having to purchase a new domain name for the site based on the main domain. Subdomains are useful in many other situations, including:

• Create a blog or forums for the main site.
• Create a dashboard or portal to manage the service provided by the site.
• Create localized sites or versions of the site in other languages such as What's the Best Hosting, Facebook, etc.
• Create sites for services that are affiliated with the main site like Google does with some of its services such as Gmail, Google Cloud, Google Drive, and others.
• Create customized mobile or tablet sites like Facebook and many others.
• Create affiliate sub-sites with WordPress.com, Blogger, Tumblr, and other website builders and blog builders.

One of the most prominent examples of sites hosted on a subdomain is the site you are on right now, What is the best hosting, where we use a subdomain ar Domain follows hostingdean.com The full domain of the hosting client is ar.hostingdean.com.

Another example is Google's email service, Gmail, which uses a subdomain mail From DomainGoogle google.com The full service link is mail.google.com.

Primary Domain

The primary domain, primary domain name, or primary domain is the primary site domain of the hosting account that you used when you purchased your hosting service.

Simply put, if you have one site on your hosting account, the domain of that site is the primary domain and the domain of every other site you create on your hosting account is an Addon Domain.

Addon Domain

An additional domain name is a regular domain, but it is hosted on the same hosting account as your primary or main domain and is treated the same as your primary or main domain.

The only difference between an Addon Domain and a Primary Domain is that the Primary Domain is the domain you used when you purchased your hosting and is the primary domain for your account with the hosting company.

An add-on domain is a domain that you use to create a website or email accounts on the same hosting account as your previous website. The secondary domain shares the same hosting server as the primary domain.

Parked Domain

A parked domain or parked domain name is a domain that has been purchased but is not currently being used on a website or to create email accounts.

A Premium Domain is one of the most prominent examples of suspended domains, where the owner of the domain, whether a person or a company, suspends the domain and displays a simple page to advertise its availability for sale.

An example of a suspended domain is a newly registered domain before it is connected to hosting, where the domain company displays a simple page for those who visit the domain with information on how to get started using the domain.

Premium Domain Name

A Premium Domain Name is a high-value domain that is often short, easy to remember, contains high-value SEO keywords, and can be easily branded for a company or business.

Because a premium domain has these features, it often gets more visitors than other domains. There are people and companies that specialize in trading premium domains, and the prices of these domains range from hundreds of dollars to hundreds of millions of dollars.

Internationalized Domain Name IDN

Internationalized Domain Name, abbreviated to IDN, are domain names that contain a letter or symbol that does not exist in the non-latin script.

Examples include domains that contain Arabic or Chinese characters or even those that contain the Latin alphabet but with compound characters or combinations like French.

Uniform Resource Locator URL

A Uniform Resource Locator (URL), sometimes known as a Web Address or Web Page Address, is a unique identifier for resources on the Internet such as websites, pages, images, audio files, etc.

For example, the URL for this web hosting dictionary page is https://ar.hostingdean.com/web-hosting-glossary/ It consists of the following parts:

• https:// Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
• ar Subdomain.
• hostingdean Domain Name.
• com Domain Extension.
• /web-hosting-glossary/ Page path or file name.

Domain Extension

The Domain Name Extension is the last part of the domain and comes after the dot . It often expresses the domain's specialization, geographic location, or the region served by the website.

For example, DomainWhat is the best hosting for this hostingdean.com Its extension is com While this Wikipedia domain wikipedia.org This extension uses org.

Some of the most commonly used domain extensions include the following:

• COM It is the most commonly used extension (more than half of the registered domains) and expresses business and corporate activities.
• NET It is the second most popular domain name extension for networking.
• ORG It refers to nonprofits and charitable organizations.

SLD Second Level Domain

A Second-level Domain, abbreviated as 2LD or SLD, is the part of the domain that comes just before the top-level domain (TLD).

In the case of a domain name, what is the best hosting hostingdean.com The scope of the second level is hostingdean Where the top-level range is com.

In other cases, the second-level domain is part of the domain extension, such as the Google Egypt domain google.com.eg In this case, the top-level domain (TLD) is eg SLD's second-level domains are com Thus, it is google is the third-level domain 3LD.

generic top-level domain (gTLD)

Generic top-level domains, abbreviated to gTLD, are a type of top-level domain that consists of 3 or more letters and operates under ICANN's rules and guidelines only.

Some of the most notable generalized top-level domains include com and extension net and extension org and other extensions available for public registration that are not subject to country restrictions such as ccTLDs.

Top-level domains can be categorized into the following:

• Generic gTLDs: which can be used for general purposes such as com and org and info and net.
• Sponsored gTLDs: like aero and edu and gov and mobi and int and travel and asia It is used only by people and organizations working in the industry.
• Generic Restricted gTLD: These are extensions that can only be used for their specific purposes such as name and biz and pro.
• Infrastructure gTLDs: A single extension is arpa It is used in the DNS infrastructure only.

Country-code top-level domain (ccTLD)

Country Code Top-Level Domains, abbreviated as ccTLD, are top-level domains dedicated to a specific country or region.

The top-level domain (TLD) in the country code consists of only two characters, the ISO 3166-1 country code and the ISO 3166-1 letter-2. The management and control of these domains is subject to the state, and states often place significant conditions and restrictions on the purchase of these domains.

One of these conditions is that you must be a citizen of that country or have an official business entity in that country, and the conditions vary from country to country.

Examples of such domains include the following:

• eg Specific to the Arab Republic of Egypt.
• sa Specific to Saudi Arabia.
• us specific to the United States.
• uk Specific to the UK.
• cn for the People's Republic of China.

Sponsored Top Level Domain sTLD

A Sponsored Top-Level Domain (sTLD) is a type of top-level domain that is sponsored and managed by a specific entity, company, or group.

Sponsored top-level domains (TLDs) are few and mostly belong to the U.S. government, non-profit organizations, and corporations, examples of which include gov and edu and mil and asia and cat and int and aero.

Trademark top-level domain bTLD

Brand Top-Level Domains are new top-level domains that are managed and controlled by brands and large corporations. google. and apple. and amazon. and audi. and android. and dell. And others.

Domain Name Registration

Domain name registration is simply the process of finding and purchasing a domain name from a Domain Name Registrar. The domain must be available for registration, not already registered to another user, and adhere to the terms of its TLD, which varies from domain to domain.

When you buy a domain, you don't actually own it, you own the rights to use it and it becomes yours only as long as you continue to pay the annual domain registration fee and don't sell it to someone else.

Domain Lock

A Domain Name lock is a state in which a domain cannot be transferred to another domain registrar and the Domain Lock must be unlocked from the current registrar's control panel to be able to transfer the domain to another registrar.

EPP Domain Transfer Code

A domain transfer code or registrar authorization code, commonly known as a Domain Transfer Code, Authorization Code, Auth Code, or EPP Code, is like a password for authorizing a domain transfer.

In order to transfer a domain from one company to another, you will need to obtain a transfer code from your current company and give it to the new company you want to move to.

The Domain Authorization Code is a unique string of numbers or letters and symbols such as 5Yd!X&Vp@qDXrzj. You can get the domain code from the Domain Control Panel by either copying it directly from it or by requesting it to be sent to your email.

Domain Renewal Grace Period

A domain has a life cycle consisting of periods, and after the domain reservation period expires, it is not available for registration by the public directly, but there is a period in which its owner is allowed to renew the domain to avoid losing it permanently.

The Domain Name Renewal Grace Period is the period immediately following the end of the domain reservation and ranges from 0-45 days, during which you can renew the domain without additional fees and the domain may remain active during that period, and if it is not renewed within that period, it will enter the Domain Recovery Grace Period.

Domain Redemption Grace Period

The Domain Name Redemption Grace Period is the period immediately following the Domain Renewal Grace Period.

In the Redemption Grace period, the domain will stop working and you will not be able to visit the site or receive emails. This period extends to 30 days, during which you can renew the domain for an additional non-fixed fee in addition to the regular domain renewal fee.

If the domain is not renewed in this period as well, the domain will be permanently disposed of and will become available for registration by anyone, including its previous owner, within 5 days.

However, domains are often reserved by services and people who specialize in trading expired domains, and the company through which the domain was registered may decide to renew it.

ICANN

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a non-profit organization established on September 10, 1998 and headquartered in the United States in California.

ICANN is responsible for keeping the Internet operational, secure and stable. It is also responsible for managing, regulating and distributing the Domain Name System (DNS) and Internet Protocol addresses, licensing Domain Registrars, setting rules for the registration of Top Level Domains (TLDs) and other related matters.

Contrary to expectations, ICANN does not control the content of the Internet or the sites, but rather helps to organize, develop, and expand the Internet.

WHOIS

"WHOIS is an Internet protocol used to query domain registration information or IP address in WHOIS databases.

ICANN requires domain name registrars to provide an interactive webpage and a free service for accessing registered domain name data, known as WHOIS data.

The "Whois data" that anyone can access via WHOIS query tools includes the following:

• Domain registration, modification/update and expiration dates.
• Domain Nameservers.
• Domain status.
• Personal data of the domain registrar (domain owner) and administrator such as:
  • The name of the domain registrar.
  • The company he works for.
  • His email address.
  • The Street, the City and the State.
  • His/her phone number.
• The company that currently manages the domain.

This data can be kept confidential by using the WHOIS Privacy service for an annual fee provided by some registrars for free, such as Namecheap. This service replaces the domain owner's data and information with its own data, thereby preserving the privacy of the domain owner.

Domain Privacy

Domain WHOIS Privacy is a service that hides the personal data of the domain owner by replacing it with other data of the service itself.

It is ICANN's rule that all domain name data must be freely accessible to all people through the WHOIS protocol, called "WHOIS Data," including the following:

• Domain registration and expiration date
• Domain Name Server
• The domain owner's information such as their name, address, email, phone number, and the company they work for.

The Domain Privacy Protection Service hides the domain owner's personal data and replaces it with its own data in order to keep that data private while maintaining ownership of the domain by the original owner.

Domain Name System (DNS)

The Domain Name System (DNS) is one of the basic web systems and is similar to the Internet's own directory or router.

Every device connected to the Internet has a unique identifier called an IP address that can be used to access that device, but that identifier is a hard-to-memorize number like this 123.456.78.90.

Due to the difficulty of memorizing IP addresses, the Domain Name System (DNS) was born, which replaces these numbers with domain names, which are made up of letters and numbers and are easy to remember, and the system converts the domain like this hostingdean.com to its IP address without the web user realizing it.

Name Server

The Name Server, abbreviated to NS, is the server in the Domain Name System (DNS) and is similar to a phone book, and the name server is responsible for converting the domain name to the IP address of the server on which the website is hosted so that the browser can connect to that server and request the web page that it will display to the user.

Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC)

Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSE) is a technology that can be added to the Domain Name System to verify the integrity and authenticity of the system's data.

DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) works by adding "chains of trust" to the system that can be validated, thus validating every component of the DNS.

A Record

An A Record or Address Record (A Record) is a type of DNS record and is the most commonly used DNS record.

The function of the address registry is to associate the domain with an IPv4 address such as this one 123.456.78.90.

CNAME Registry

The Canonical Name Record or CNAME is a type of DNS record that tells the DNS system that this domain/subdomain is an alias for another domain/subdomain, and is meant to tell the DNS system that this domain/subdomain is an alias for another domain/subdomain.

For example, you can add a CNAME record that is routed from mobile.example.com to m.example.com In that case, if the visitor visits mobile.example.com They will see the same content that appears when they visit m.example.com.

One of the conditions for creating CNAME records that must be adhered to is that a CNAME record cannot be created that points to an IP address but only to a domain name. It is also not recommended to create a CNAME record that points to another CNAME record so that the efficiency of the system is not affected, although it is technically possible and there are no barriers to do so.

A common example where you will need to create a CNAME record is when you have a Blogger blog and want to use a custom domain instead of the default subdomain, which looks like this example.blogspot.com. You will need to create a CNAME record that directs the customized domain such as www.example.com to the Blogger service so that the blog content will appear when anyone visits the customized domain.

Network Protocol

The Communication Protocol or Network Protocol is a set of rules that govern the communication between networked devices and how they communicate and exchange data between them.

In normal life, for communication to occur between two or more people, the language used to communicate must be understood by them, so that each party can understand and internalize what the other party is saying and so that no misunderstandings occur.

A protocol, agreement, charter, or standard is akin to the language in which devices in a network talk to each other. A protocol consists of a set of pre-agreed standards, controls, and rules that make it easy for devices, hardware, and software to communicate with each other and easily understand the data and messages exchanged between them.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet and is considered the complementary protocol to the Internet Protocol (IP). Together, the two protocols are known as the Internet Protocol Suite or the TCP/IP Internet Model.

In the Internet network, data and messages are sent, transferred and exchanged between devices in the form of pieces or parts of the message, and these parts are called data packets or network packets, and one of the most prominent advantages of using this principle is the possibility of sending the message through different methods and assembling it at the final destination without loss or distortion of the data during its transmission over the network.

TCP communicates between devices and exchanges data between them based on the Internet Protocol, which gives each device a unique address that enables it to be uniquely identified.

Internet Protocol (IP)

The Internet Protocol, abbreviated to IP and colloquially known as "IP", is the main protocol of the Internet and is responsible for routing data within the Internet network from one device to another.

IP does this by addressing devices, where each device connected to the Internet has its own unique address called the IP Address or IP address, and some devices have more than one IP address in some cases.

With each device having its own unique IP address, devices connected to the Internet can communicate with each other by identifying the source device, the target device or the device from which the data is sent and the device to which the data is to be sent.

This ensures that the data reaches only the intended device and not another one of the billions of devices connected to the network.

Internet Protocol (version 4) IPv4

Internet Protocol version 4 or Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the most widely used and currently responsible for routing the majority of Internet traffic and appeared in 1981.

IP version 4 uses a 32-bit address divided into 4 fields of 8 bits each, so the maximum number of IP addresses that can be accommodated by this version is approximately 4.3 billion unique IP addresses.

This number results from calculating the number of addresses that 32 bits can hold by incrementing/upgrading the number 2 (which is the number of possibilities for a single bit value in binary. 0 and 1) to an exponent of the number of bits like this: 2ⁿ Wherein n is the number of bits and 2 is the number of possibilities of one bit.

Since the IP address (version 4) is stored in the 32 bitsthe number of IPv4 addresses that can be created becomes 2³² The total number of addresses results from converting 2 to an exponent of 32 as we can see in this equation:

Number of IP addresses version 4 = 2³² = 4,294,967,296 IP address.

Each heading field is separated by a dot . The IPv4 address is similar to this one 123.456.78.90.

Internet Protocol (version 6) IPv6

Internet Protocol version 6 or Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest version of the Internet Protocol and was created in order to solve the IPv4 address exhaustion issue that began to appear in the early 1990s. The last available IPv4 blocks were actually allocated on January 31, 2011.

The IPv6 Address is a 128-bit address that can accommodate 2¹²⁸ IP address or equivalent: 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456

An IPv6 address is expressed as 8 groups separated by a colon : Here is an example of an IP address from version 6 2001:0db5:0000:0000:0000:8a2e:0324:5364 This title can be shortened to 2001:db5::8a2e:324:5364.

Dedicated IP

In web hosting, a Dedicated Internet Protocol Address is an IP address for the server or site only and is not shared with other sites or servers.

Shared web hosting often comes with a Shared IP address, which means that there are other sites that have the same IP address, and this may negatively affect the security and reputation of your site, especially if one of the sites that share the same IP address is malicious or has a bad reputation.

Using a Dedicated IP address ensures that your site(s) will not be affected by other sites that may bring the IP address into disrepute. When you purchase a VPS server or rent a Dedicated Server, your hosting company will most likely give you a Dedicated IP, or you can purchase it for an additional monthly or annual fee.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an Internet protocol whose development began in 1989 and the first official version was released in 1993 under the name HTTP/0.9, which is an obsolete version that is not currently being used.

Newer versions of HTTP appeared in the following years:

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the basis for transferring data over the World Wide Web and is primarily used to transfer web pages programmed in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the primary language that makes up web pages.

HTTPS Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure, also known as HTTPS, is an extension to HTTP.

In HTTPS, the connection is encrypted by SSL, increasing the protection of data transmitted between the website and visitors' devices and increasing users' privacy.

SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)

Secure Socket Layer (SSL) is an encryption protocol designed to secure communications over computer networks by encrypting the data transmitted over the network.

SSL has been neglected and is no longer widely used due to the many flaws and vulnerabilities that have emerged and has been replaced by its successor, TLS (Transport Layer Security).

Transport Layer Security (TLS)

Transport Layer Security, abbreviated as TLS, is an Internet protocol that is the successor to the now-deprecated Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).

The TLS protocol encrypts data transmitted over a computer network, thereby securing that data and protecting its privacy, especially on insecure networks.

Some of the most prominent uses of Transport Layer Security (TLS): HTTPS, Email, Voice over IP (VoIP), Instant Messaging and other applications that need to encrypt data traveling to and from them.

FTP

File Transfer Protocol, commonly known as FTP, is a protocol or system used to transfer and exchange files over computer networks that support TCP and its sister protocol IP, the most prominent example of which is the Internet.

FTP is based on a client-server model where a computer called FTP Server receives connection requests from other computers called FTP Client.

Once an FTP connection is established between the client and the server, the client can download files from the server, send or upload files to the server, create new files, delete or rename existing files on the server, and other operations as authorized by the FTP server.

FTP relies on two ports: Port 21, called the command or control port, whose function is to establish the connection between the server and the client, and Port 20, called the data port, through which data is transferred between the two devices, and the FTP connection can be further secured by using FTPS.

FTPS Secure File Transfer Protocol

Normally, data transmitted via FTP is not secure and information transmitted between the FTP server and the FTP client can be easily viewed.

In order to secure the FTP connection, File Transfer Protocol Secure, also known as FTPS, adds an additional layer to FTP that supports SSL, which encrypts the FTP connection.

SSH secure transfer protocol

Secure Shell Protocol (SSH) is an encrypted network protocol used to securely deliver services over insecure networks by encrypting the connection.

SSH, which emerged in 1995, is based on the client/server model and uses port 22. The protocol enables you to connect to remote computers via Remote Shell, control them, execute commands on them, and more.

Secure Shell also supports secure file transfer via SFTP.

Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)

Secure Shell File Transfer Protocol or SSH File Transfer Protocol, also known as SSH File Transfer Protocol or SFTP, is an extension of SSH.

The Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) provides the ability to access, transfer, and control files in a secure manner on insecure networks based on SSH.